Wang Wenbin, the spokesperson for the ministry, said Son was placed in custody "recently" and was under investigation.
South Korean media reported that the 31-year-old midfielder was detained at an airport in Shanghai on Friday.
The South Korean consulate in the provincial capital of Shenyang has been informed about Son's detention and allowed access to the player as required by international treaty.
Son's detention comes as China cracks downs on corruption and match-fixing among coaches, team owners, referees and government sports officials.
Son moved to China in 2021
Son moved to China to play for Shandong Taishan club in 2021. The club won the Chinese Super League – the highest tier of professional football in the country – that year.
Shandong Taishan have not officially commented on the case, but the club posted a message on its official Weibo account on the day he was detained wishing him a happy birthday.
Son has played for South Korea's national team at least 18 times, including at the World Cup in Qatar last year.
